In 1944, Asperger's Syndrome was first described and named after the Austrian doctor, Hans Asperger. He described individuals who showed odd-like behaviours, a lot like the symptoms thought to be shown by Albert Einstein and Bill Gates.

Asperger's Syndrome is a form of autism that affects how a person communicates and relates with others. This means that they commonly have difficulty in social relationships, in communicating, and have limitations in imagination and creative play

Individuals with Asperger's Syndrome are quite often easily understood, and have intelligible speech before being 4 years old. Their grammar and vocabulary are usually very good, but they often repeat what they say and partake in conversations that revolve around themselves. They are usually obsessed with complex topics like patterns, weather, music, and technology.

IQ's of people with Asperger's Syndrome fall along the full spectrum, but many are above normal for verbal abilities and below average in performance. Many have dyslexia, writing problems and difficulty with mathematics. They mainly have concrete thinking and often lack common sense.

 People with Asperger's Syndrome have odd forms of self-stimulatory behaviour and their movements are often clumsy and awkward. They are often overly sensitive to sounds, taste, smells, and sights; preferring soft clothing, certain foods, and can be bothered by sounds or lights no one else can see or hear.

They have a great deal of difficulty reading body language, have trouble determining personal body space, and are socially aware but often react the wrong way. It is because of this that those with Asperger's Syndrome are often viewed as eccentric or odd and can easily become victims of teasing and bullying.

 People with Asperger's Syndrome are often punctuality, reliability and dedication.

Sometimes people assume everyone who has autism and is high-functioning has Asperger's syndrome. However, it appears that there are several forms of high-functioning autism, and Asperger's syndrome is one form. Asperger's Syndrome is probably hereditary in nature as many families report having an "odd" relative or two. It is often reported in those also with depression and bipolar disorders.

 Asperger's syndrome is a neurobiological disorder that affects the brain and the people who have it seem very "normal" and people with Asperger's Syndrome are often of average or above average intelligence. As a guess there is about 1 in every 500 people in the US have this dysfunction which can include everything from language disabilities to sensory problems and physical awkwardness. These people are very intelligent, extremely structured and have no social awareness; they are often very literal. Individuals with Asperger's Syndrome can exhibit a variety of characteristics and the disorder can range from mild to severe. Persons with Asperger's Syndrome show marked deficiencies in social skills, have difficulties with transitions or changes and prefer sameness. They often have obsessive routines and may be preoccupied with a particular subject of interest.

 It's important to remember that the person with Asperger's Syndrome perceives the world very differently. Therefore, much behaviour that seems odd or unusual is due to those neurological differences and not the result of intentional rudeness or bad behaviour, and most certainly not the result of "improper parenting".

 Most individuals (although not all) exhibit exceptional skill or talent in a specific area. Because of their high degree of functionality. People with Asperger's Syndrome often develop an almost obsessive interest in a hobby or collecting. Usually their interest involves arranging or memorising facts about a special subject, such as train timetables, Derby winners or the dimensions of cathedrals.

 As soon as we meet a person we make judgements about them. Just by looking we can guess their age or status, and by the expression on their face or the tone of their voice we can tell immediately if they are happy, angry or sad and respond accordingly. Not everyone has this natural ability. People with Asperger's Syndrome find it more difficult to read the signals which most of us take for granted. As a result they find it more difficult to communicate and interact with others and have a large problem with social interaction. Meanwhile they often develop overwhelmingly obsessive interests, which can preoccupy them (but may form an ideal basis for a job).

 People with Asperger's Syndrome often find change upsetting.

Young children may impose their routines, such as insisting on always walking the same route to school. At school, sudden changes, such as an alteration to the timetable, may upset them. People with Asperger's Syndrome often prefer to order their day according to a set pattern. If they work set hours then any unexpected delay, such as a traffic hold-up, or a late train, can make them anxious or upset.

 The causes of autism and Asperger's Syndrome are still being investigated. Many experts believe that the pattern of behaviour from which Asperger's Syndrome is diagnosed may not result from a single cause. There is strong evidence to suggest that Asperger's Syndrome can be caused by a variety of physical factors, all of which affect brain development - it is not due to emotional deprivation or the way a person has been brought up. There is not treatment.

Asperger's Syndrome is most likely hereditary in nature as many families report having an "odd" relative or two.

 As they get older, they may realise that they are different from other people and feel isolated and depressed. People with Asperger's Syndrome often want to be sociable and are upset by the fact that they find it hard to make friends. But Adults with Asperger's Syndrome can and do go on to live fulfilling lives, to further education and employment and to develop friendships. Many lead productive lives, living independently, working effectively at a job (many are college professors, computer programmers, dentists), and raising a family.

A Visitor Commented that "Those with Asperger's Syndrome have normal scores on IQ tests and are of average or above average intelligence. You should know that normal menas a score above 70. You create the impression that those with AS are all very bright. This is not so. Incidentally, current research suggests that there are good reasons for not differentiating between autistism and Asperger's Syndrome."

The cost of a product or service is relative to what the buyer thinks that cost should be. Based on his or her previous experiences, the customer will have an idea of prices that are too high, too low or on target.

Through personal experiences, advertising and knowledge of typical prices for products or services, your customers will have a good idea of where your prices should fall in relation to the market and your competitors.

By using psychology, you can present a perception of value or discount that will help you sell your products. For example, the common use of $9.99 over $10.00 has long been a matter of pricing psychology that says: Although there is only a 1 cent difference, something in the $9 range is a bigger bargain than something in the $10 range. In fact, studies show that odd numbers are more commonly associated with lower prices than even numbers.

Getting something free by purchasing more is primarily a perception of savings. While a buy-one-get-one-free offer represents a small savings to the customer, it draws more business because of the idea that the consumer is getting something for free. Using that philosophy, you can ask the consumer to buy two and get a third for free, thereby doubling your initial sale. They get something for free, and you sell two instead of one.

As long as you have a firm grasp on your costs and know that you will not lose money, you can present products and services in a manner that indicates to the customer that they are “walking out with a savings.” In many cases, its primarily a matter of presentation.

Other factors that play into the perception of pricing would include availability. If, for example, you indicate a one-day sale, the idea that availability is limited will encourage the customer to act quickly rather than mull over the purchase. Likewise, if you know that supply and demand are in your favour, you can stand by a higher price and let it be known that only a few of this item are available. Limited items always appear as more valuable.

Of course, you need to remain honest in pricing, marketing and advertising. However, as long as you are neither price gauging nor making fraudulent claims, you can use the power of perception — or the psychology of pricing — to your advantage.

It has often been said that programmers are introverts. I find that this isn't true, in the majority of cases, but programmers usually do have a longer attention span and a greater ability to concentrate than the majority of the population, and these two things can cause the appearance of introversion. A programmer's ability to focus on a single task for long periods to the exclusion of all else has led some people to comment on similar behaviour in autistics (Asperger's Disorder), and to wonder whether most programmers are mildly autistic. I would be surprised if most programmers were autistic—our concentration is too easily broken.

Writing code is an act of creativity. It isn't science and it isn't engineering, although programmers are happy to apply science and engineering to the creative process, when possible. Therefore to be a programmer one has to be highly creative. This is one of the reasons programmers are happier working on new projects rather than maintenance projects. It isn't just that they don't want to get buried in the filth of the past (although that's part of it); maintenance doesn't offer them the opportunity to create.

When creative people work on making something new, they often enter a mental state where things just flow. This is a highly desirable state, both for the programmer herself and for the organization that profits by her labours.

Professor Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi of Chicago University, formerly the chair of the psychology department, has studied hundreds of exceptional individuals, from IT entrepreneurs to Nobel Prize winners, researching creativity. He has written many books and papers on the subjects of flow and creativity.

Csikszentmihalyi says: "For original ideas to come about, you have to let them percolate under the level of consciousness, in a place where we have no way to make them obey our own desires or our own direction. So they find their way, [through] random combinations that are driven by forces we don't know about. It's through this recombination that something new may come up—not when we try to push them directly."

Flow takes time to achieve, and it is fragile. If a programmer's flow is interrupted it can take a large amount of time for her to regain the state, sometimes up to an hour. That's an hour of lost productivity to your team. If a programmer is interrupted many times during the day she may never reach this state. Without this state, creativity is crippled.

Flow is fragile but, thankfully, it isn't as fragile as it first seems. Flow can only be broken if an interruption requires a programmer to mentally change contexts. This means that you can tap a programmer on the shoulder and ask them what they're doing, or even suggest a line of reasoning to them, and everything will be fine. But if you ask them where their time sheet is, you've broken it. I've heard this time and again from experienced pair-programmers, and they should know: Pair programming would be impossible if flow were any more fragile than it is. Flow is a context-dependent state in which you can mentally maneuver to perform different tasks, as long as they're all within context. Drop out of the context, and it takes a while to restore it.

Improving work flow

So how can you maximize the power of this mystical flow for your development team? The formula is fairly simple: provide adequate insulation for flow to occur, both mentally and in terms of time, and be flexible to the vagaries of individual work preferences.

Provide Adequate Mental Insulation

When a programmer is assigned a creative task of any scope, they should be allowed to complete it without out-of-context interruptions. Ensure that any meetings to which you (or anyone else) invite the programmer are absolutely necessary. Don't interleave any support tasks with development tasks. Do your best to arrange it so that the other people who work in the vicinity of a programmer are working on the same problem; if that isn't possible, you should isolate the programmer in his or her own room.

Provide Adequate Time to Recharge Creative Energy

If you want your programmers to repeat the mistakes of the past, fine, just drive them like dogs and give them no time to relax. If you want them to create innovative solutions, then let them have a rest.

Accommodate Reasonable Special Requests

In his research, Csikszentmihalyi cites the case of a famous computer researcher who made a lot of discoveries in the computer field who said that all his best ideas came to him in the shower. He said that he believed his firm lost several million dollars during his employment because it did not install a $14,000 shower in his office. "When he moved to a new firm that had a shower," wrote Csikszentmihalyi, "his ideas kept coming out."

I'm not proposing that you provide new showers for your programmers (not all of them, anyway), but you should stop treating them as pluggable units, each with similar capabilities. They're individuals, different from the others in many ways, each with their own rhythms and preferences. Most of them will know what it takes for them to get into their flow—and that's what you need to cultivate.

If a programmer tells you that they need a 15-minute nap at 2 p.m. every day, then provide the facilities; it only takes a couch in the coffee room or the breakout area (you do have a breakout area, don't you?).

Or, how about this one: rather than provide identical chairs and desks for the whole team, why not give each programmer a budget with which they can buy their own chair and desk? You'll lose the Martha Stewart look for your offices, but you'll gain an environment in which your programmers feel comfortable, which will inspire their creativity.

I know what you'll argue: Think of the expense! If that was the first thought in your head, then you've missed the whole point of this column. Start again at the top, and pay attention this time.

If you can't bring out the best in people then how can you bring out the best in your projects?

When you hire graphic designers to create the eye-candy on your Web site you probably give them the proper tools, environment, and flexibility to encourage creativity. You tolerate their character whims and buy them strange transparent computers. If you aren't thinking about the needs of your programmers in the same light, then you probably aren't getting nearly as much of your programmers as you could be.

Our job is to enhance people's talents, and hire enough diversity to cover the flaws. You should be trying to bring out the best in all the people you manage or collaborate with—if you can't bring out the best in people then how can you bring out the best in your projects?

I don't give a fig if this costs you more money; the potential benefits are huge. If you continue to view the world as a risk/value proposition then you'll continue to produce mediocre results. Your software is produced by humans; learning something about their psychology is a good idea.

PDD Not Otherwise Specified, PDDNOS or PDD-NOS is a pervasive developmental disorder in which some symptoms of autism or a similar pervasive developmental disorder can be identified, while other symptoms cannot be. Especially common is difficulty interacting with peers.

The PDD-NOS label is used when a child is considered to be on the autism spectrum, but who does NOT meet all 3 strict criteria for autism according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). These kids are most often considered high functioning because they frequently have IQ scores above 70 and who often have Average or better intelligence.

Some clinicians use PDD-NOS as a "temporary" diagnosis for children under the age of 5, when for whatever reason there is a reluctance to diagnose autism. There are several justifications for this: very young children have limited social interaction and communication skills to begin with, therefore it can be tricky to diagnose milder cases of autism in toddler hood. The unspoken assumption is that by the age of 5, unusual behaviours will either resolve or develop into diagnosable autism. However, some parents view the PDD label as no more than a euphemism for autistic spectrum disorders, problematic because this label makes it more difficult to receive aid for early intervention.

Pervasive developmental disorder

PDD-NOS is a Pervasive developmental disorder or PDD. A pervasive developmental disorder refers to a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. The most commonly known PDD is autism. Parents may note symptoms of PDD as early as infancy and typically onset is prior to 3 years of age. PDD itself generally does not affect life expectancy.

Symptoms of PDD may include communication problems such as:

• Difficulty using and understanding language
• Difficulty relating to people, objects, and events
• Unusual play with toys and other objects
• Difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings
• Repetitive body movements or behaviour patterns

Pricing is one of the four major components of marketing. Psychological pricing forms one of the key elements of demand pricing wherein the consumer demand is the main focus. The price and quality relationship that governs the central theme of the consumer market relationship is surrounded by uncertainty and gives the consumer the perception that higher the price, better the quality. 

The science of pricing is an art in itself. Rounding off the figures may be good for basic maths but never in business. The art of setting prices for articles has been an ever challenging task in business. Keeping in mind the changing economy, heavy competition in the market and consumer affordability, the trick of pricing an article has been more on a psychological evaluation of the consumer. Pricing is usually done by keeping with industry standards. But in order to sell their products after a baseline or whole sale price has been fixed, individual business organizations have most often dealt with pricing in terms of smaller denominations such as cents and pennies. 

While quoting the universal example of $9.95 or 9.99 being more attractive to consumers as compared to $10, this psychology seems to hold in business world wide. The main reason for this is that people tend to see the first figure in dollars as compared to the cents. $9 is cheaper than $10, and the cents don't figure in the perception. While shopping, consumers tend to overlook small differences in cents but go by the dollar value. And funnily, the highest single odd digit is the most psychologically favoured and 9 is that most fortunate figure of acceptance. However one cannot rule out the fact that the cents are totally ignored by the customer but the ignorance is at the subconscious level and is partial. Also the use of odd figures has a background in that it was used to curb theft by employees by way of forcing them to give change and enter the amount in the cash register a practice that was originally put forth way back in 1875 by the publisher of Chicago daily news, Melville E. Stone. 

Another most popular way of attracting consumers has been introductory offers. Suppose a new toothpaste is released in market, it often sells better when its accompanied by a free sample, a toothbrush or even 25% extra toothpaste. And more so when the actual price is quoted and struck off, with a new pricing quoted in a different colour alongside to attract the consumer. Often in these cases the consumer has this inherent feeling that he is getting more for a lesser price. Sometimes he also compares another similar priced similar product with the one available on discount to satisfy himself that he is certainly getting more for the price quoted. 

When an article comes to shelf with a certain price, consumers most often never question how and why it was priced. If a group of articles is priced at say in the range of $20s, the price is taken for granted and the evaluation and comparison of prices is limited to that range only even if the product may be of lower or higher value of that price. However, when the price of the same set is increased after a certain period, the consumers do not appreciate it. The tactic of increasing the price by 20% and giving a 10% discount on the same article is perceived better than just an increase in price. "Buy one take one free" is another pricing tactic to attract buyers although the offer maybe for a limited period of time. Definitely such articles sell fastest. 

By increasing the price of a product by a few cents, a company can earn profit as there seems to be no complaints from the consumer as the price hovers around a key threshold point and minor increase is accepted. Consumer sensitivity in pricing can be found when the consumers have no other product to compare with or when the product is exclusive and unique. Even in such cases, when the product is bundled with a few other accessories, the aspect of consumer emotion is very much aroused and they sell better.

Above all, when a customer is satisfied, both the company and the customer are profited. But then the response to the concept of psychology pricing has always been mixed. As long as the customer is not cheated, the concept is of advantage to sellers.

Do you ever come accros a webpage adorned in colors and why it is all these colors, while none of the other writing tips pages are so adorned?  It is called psychology.  You were cruising along through the pages, then you clicked to a page and were sort of startled.  It grabbed your attention.  I know you have heard it said many times, you have to grab  the readers attention.

No, this isn’t about why you write, but about how you write.  Having rather extensive training in psychology, I have tried to analyze the frame of mind you must be in and your surroundings when you write.  The following suggestions are based on sound principle, and some of what I use in my workshops and seminars.

The first question is:  Where do you write?

• Do you have a fairly quiet, relaxing place to write?  Can you escape from the other sounds and distractions around each of us?  In other words, can you find solitude, without any sort of distractions?  This is vitally important to writing well, especially when you do that final rewrite to make your novel or book as perfect as you know how.
  

The next question:  Is your writing place cluttered or neat?

• I firmly believe one must work in an uncluttered environment  for their writing to be uncluttered.  If you have “stuff” stacked all around, two dirty coffee mugs, half a dozen notebooks and scratchpads with notes on them, computer disks lying about, a half-eaten package of Oreo cookies in front of your monitor, a bag of Fritos alongside the monitor, a haphazard stack of print paper on the other side of your monitor, a clock atop your monitor, so you won’t forget to pick the kids up, well, you get the idea.  This is a cluttered mess!  How in the world can you work in there, while stepping on spilled potato chips? (:
• I have what I call uncluttered clutter.  Yes, I have some fifty CDs that have to be close by, but I have them in those neat little vertical racks, sorted by type of program etc.  Yes, I have several notebooks and scratchpads, but they are also in one of these stack file trays, with a label on the tray to tell me what is on or in each notebook or scratchpad.
• How many books do you have stacked around?  If they are references you are currently using, put them somewhere besides right on the desk by your monitor, yet still within easy reach.
• Sweep the chips off the floor.  Just kidding.  (:
• Another little reasonably priced piece of equipment that is great is the case to set your printer on that holds your paper, etc.  These come in a number of styles, but my favorite has side-by-side trays that accommodate 8 ½ X 11 paper.  It comes with four slide trays, so you can have four different papers quite neatly and readily available.  Cheap copy paper for those drafts you print out, good 24 lb. Bond paper to send to agents etc, card stock for printing your own cards identifying you as a writer, and that laid bamboo paper for important correspondence.
• All in all, the message I want to deliver here is, as I stated, an uncluttered work area makes for an uncluttered mind.
  

So, now that we have our room all cleaned and straightened up, what about your frame of mind as you write?  And, this is far more important than your writing area being uncluttered.  Please do not object to language here, because it is part of writing.

I would first like to ask you a question.  How many times have you seen an actor/actress in a movie shed tears?  I mean, when you can actually see the tears run out of their eyes and down their cheeks?  How can they actually cry in that scene?  Sure, someone can squirt onion juice in their eyes, but do you think Julia Roberts would put up with that?  Have you noticed, the truly good actors and actresses draw you in, make you cry, too?  Heck, you know it’s just fiction.  Why are you crying?  Because the actress is crying.  Plainly and simply, you are feeling what they are feeling, and that is the secret to their being able to cry in a sad scene.  They actually FEEL the sadness they are play-acting, so they cry.

How can you get in the frame of mind to write a sad scene that will move your reader to tears?  You do not have the good fortune to be able to sit with your readers and cry like the actress sits on the screen in front of you and cries.  YOU MUST DO IT WITH WORDS!

Again, let me ask a question.  Can you write a truly sad scene while laughing at someone telling you a joke?  Not likely.  Can you write a funny scene when someone is telling you about their mother passing away?  Of course not.  Not only would her sadness distract you, but it would be a rather impolite thing to do.  (:

Remember, we are speaking of the psychology of writing.  You must be in the proper psychological frame of mind to write certain scenes well and make your reader cry, get angry or laugh.  If you do any or all of these things with your writing, you are doing well.

How do you get in the right frame of mind to write an angry scene?  Well, for some, you can sit and stare at the shredded picture of that bastard you gave the better part of your life to, only to have him run off with a twenty-year-old!  Think about him going out the door for the last time, and the anger you felt.  Get mad all over again!  Then, sit down and write your angry scene.

To write a sad scene?  Wait for a rainy or, at least, a cloudy day.  Stare out the window and think of the hurt you felt when he left you.  Or think about the young boy who died of leukemia.  Think back to when one of your parents died.  When you have tears running down your face, start typing.

When I do a writing seminar or workshop, I like to have fun.  So I tell the attendees all these things, only I elaborate.  Then, I tell them I have to replace my keyboard about once a month.  I either ruin it from the salt in my tears or I beat it to death!

Again, how do you write a truly funny scene?  Well, some scenes will be funny regardless of your mood.  But the best way, before you start writing, don’t think about funny jokes you have heard or read.  Rather, think about true funny things that you have observed or which have happened to you.

In conclusion, the main thing to remember is that your mood will be reflected in your writing, despite yourself.  It is a psychological fact.  Let me give you a small bit of information that will convince you of the psychological pressure used against us every day.  Are you aware that corporations such as GM or Ford or Proctor and Gamble pay Industrial Psychologists HUGE, HUGE salaries and bonuses, sometimes running into the millions?  What do they do for all that money?  No, they do not design commercials.  That’s another department.  What they do is, cause you to  choose their product over others through very subtle means.

Unless you saved your boxes over a year's time, you would never notice the slight change in package colors to fit the season.  Hot summers call for softer color.  The dead of a cold winter puts the brighter, more intense packaging on the shelf.  The brighter colors unconsciously attract you when the weather is miserable.

Let me tell you about another trick they pull on you.  I’ll illustrate by example.  When you buy a box of a well-known brand of laundry detergent, it comes with a little scoop included.  You put a scoop of powder into the washer, and when the box is empty, you buy another box, with a brand new scoop enclosed, and you throw the old box away, scoop and all.

Now, suppose you are the executive in charge of this division, and the big boys tell you your sales were lagging.  My gosh, you’ve done everything you know how to move more product.  Then, you hit on a great idea, perhaps with the aid of your Industrial Psychologist.  Just increase the size of your scoop, so people will use more product in each load of clothes they wash.  “Hell, Joe, let’s just make the scoop half again as large!  Brilliant!”

“No, no, Percy.  People would notice.  But, what we can do is gradually increase the size of the scoop.”

That is exactly what this company has done over the last two to three years.  They have increased the size of their scoop by over 30%.  Guess what?  You are using 30% more detergent to wash your clothes every time you dump a scoop in the washer.  But, you hadn’t noticed, because the scoop was slowly increased in size and you threw the old scoop away every time you bought a new box, along with its slightly larger scoop.

This really happened.  Being the frugal and inquisitive type, I saved the scoops for comparison.  I use it as an example of how we are manipulated by the company wanting us to buy their product or use more of their product.  You have all seen the ad for the well-known aspirin brand that states it helps prevent heart attacks.  They advertise as if their brand is the only one that will do that when, in truth, an aspirin is an aspirin.  But, heck, who doesn’t want to prevent a heart attack?  Gotta go get some of them!

Although these examples have nothing to do with writing, they do point out the psychology of how we perceive things or how we don’t perceive them.  It illustrates that we are, indeed, susceptible to our own psyche.  That is why it is so important to be in the proper frame of mind to write various scenes.  If we are consciously sad, our unconscious mind will lend toward us putting that sadness in our work.

I hope this article will be of use to you, and keep writing.  (BUT, psyche yourself up for the task first.  (:  )

The nature doesn't believe in similarity. It creates every human being with a unique quality or feature. Even twins are different to each other in many ways. We need to identify our unique quality and develop it further to outshine others. Here we become superior to others. Therefore inferiority complex is irrational. If you have one unique quality that is superior to others how can you be inferior? In spite of this truth many persons suffer from the misery of inferiority complex.

The Biggest Hurdle

Mostly persons develop inferiority complex when they are obsessed with their weaknesses. They always keep thinking that others are superior to them. They often get nervous while talking to others - especially if the opposite person is talking confidently. It is difficult for them to appear before an interview board. They perspire, their mind gets clouded and speaking normally becomes a herculean task for them. Inferiority complex becomes their biggest hurdle on the way to success or progress. Fortunately they can get rid of this problem easily.

What is Your Unique Quality

Write down your good qualities or plus points on a paper. Spare some time to think about the quality or ability that is better than others. And try to develop that quality as much as you can.

If you have your own views on several matters and you like to write then start writing. Maintain a diary or register for it and write daily. You can also write in the file created in your computer. You can try to get some of your creations printed in newspapers or magazines. If your voice is sweet you can impress others by polite talk. You can also learn singing. You may even learn to play on any musical instrument in case you have a desire. If you are good at making drawing or painting then shine this ability by adequate training and practice. Join an art and painting school. If you have interest in computer then learn it by joining an academy. If you love solving the sums then aim to become master of mathematics. People will definitely recognize your talent and you will be admired. It will also help you to make a good career in the field of your interest.

Miraculous Effect On Personality

It is rule of the nature that every one has something unique in him or her. When you improve its strength by regular study and practice a feeling will develop in your heart that you are better than so many other persons at least in one field. You can't even imagine at present the miraculous effect it will have on your personality. You will start gaining confidence and gradually become free from inferiority complex. Your negative thinking about yourself built this complex and the strength of your unique trait will dismantle it.

Use Affirmation

According to Norman Vincent Peale, one of the greatest motivators and advocates of positive thinking in America, affirmations have immense power over our personality. We can also use them to weaken the grip of inferiority complex. Here is a good affirmation to help you to gain confidence and come out of the clutches of inferiority complex: "I am a unique creation of God. I have many good qualities. I love myself. My positive mind will help me to attain my aim in life" Repeat it 10 times before going to sleep and after getting up in the morning. Your inferiority complex will fly away from you in a short period.

Is a cluttered desk a sign of genius or just hopeless disorganization?

I had plenty of opportunity to ponder this question during a recent office move that involved packing multiple (I dare not say how many for fear the storage police will come after me) boxes of back files.

Now a certain Jay Brand has unwittingly come to my rescue and allowed me to save face among my colleagues who were able to fit all their office belongings into two allotted "hot files" for the move.

Brand, a former psychology professor, is now a "cognitive engineer" at office furniture giant Haworth Inc. in Holland, Mich.

He says, and I quote: "A clean desk isn't always the sign of a productive employee."

Phew.

"In fact, a clean desk can hinder worker efficiency."

I love this guy.

The premise is that people use their desk space as an extension of their minds.

"The human mind, specifically short-term memory, has a limited capacity," Brand said. "It has seven, plus or minus two, 'chunks' available for storing things.

"Since most people are doing seven things at once, they tax the capacity of their working memory almost immediately."

They need a place to "offload" some information from working memory into the environment.

Information placed into the environment this way is known as a "cognitive artifact."

"It expands a person's capacity to think," Brand said. "You're using the environment to think as well."

Companies that promote, or require, clean desk policies are in essence giving their workers "environmental lobotomies," he said.

"Essentially, you're required to destroy the context of your work every night and recreate it the next morning. It's wasted time."

Each time people clean their desks, they lose the embedded cues that their cognitive artifacts provide, Brand said. "Workers in such environments can sometimes feel like they spend more time getting organized each day than working on actual projects."

Brand himself confesses his work group -- the industrial design division at Haworth -- has a reputation for being difficult to clean up around.

Everyone has a different working style, he said. As long as people's piles mean something, they're useful.

People think differently. Some people lay out their projects left to right. Others use a top down method.

Piles may be organized by topic, chronologically, or some highly idiosyncratic system. Different strategies work for different people, Brand said. Using space to think, however, is not an excuse for being a pack rat, he said.

Rats.

"I don't advocate people be messy as an end in itself," he said. "You have to have some method to your madness."

Most people never use 80 percent of the stuff they file away, and 60 percent of the stuff on their desks.

Current projects tend to attract all kinds of paper. But once a project is finished, cull through the file, then put the rest in storage, Brand said.

Other tips include using multiple surfaces to layer information. Shelves can help separate information so ideas don't get lost.

Moving things around in the piles also helps refresh their significance, he said. "Post-it notes, pictures, magazine articles, lists and charts lose their meaning and become virtually invisible if left alone."

Also, keep your most important projects and priority items within your personal "strike zone."

Retailers have long known that people's attention is most often focused on items placed in view between their shoulders and their hips. Anything higher or lower is less likely to get noticed. You can apply the same strategy to the papers in your work environment.

The concept that my desk with its drifts of paper, and stacks of things I can't bear to toss may be an extension of my inner brain is a scary thought.

Then again, a clean desk is a blank slate.

And that's an even scarier one.

As autism is a disorder of the nerves and their development, resulting in some form of impairment in the social and communicative skills of the individual, the autism symptoms of each child will be different. Autism symptoms are normally displayed by children in their first couple of years of growth and development, and require a strong observation to pick up on. However, with patience and good observation parents are able to detect the first signs and symptoms of autism.

Parents tend to be the first ones to notice autism symptoms, since they spend more time than others with the child. What is important is for parents to understand the symptoms in order to better identify the nature, and the reasoning behind these being acted out.

Early diagnosis of autism can help in early assistance and support being provided to the child, which can help in skills and abilities being improved over the years. This is essential if some form of communication and self-help needs to be instilled in the child with autism symptoms, as no cure exits.

Some of the symptoms that parents should be on the lookout include the following:

• If a child is showing a great deal of difficulty in learning language or oral communication. This is a common autism symptom, where the child is unable to babble or speak a single word, even at an age of 2 years

• If a child does not show any form of appropriate response to a gesture. This could be anything from making eye contact with the respective person, or showing a degree of resistance to being cuddled or picked up. The symptom here to look for is a child being out of tune to the world, and seeming to be in his own environment altogether

• Another symptom is where the individual shows a lack of understanding for another's feelings. So if a joke is being shared, or tears are being shed, there is the same response on both counts; the response normally being inattentiveness or a blank face

• For a child who is unable to play with other children or shows a lack of ability to be more cooperative with other children, shows some level of autism

• A child crying excessively or throwing tantrums without reason can also be considered as an autism symptom

By no way are the above stated to be hard and fast autism symptoms, as there could be other reasons for some of them. But all of them put together should give parents some understanding of seeking assistance from medical experts in regards to their child's individual behavior. The child's doctors will be able to further test and then determine if there are any signs of autism in the child.

All parents should keep in mind the above autism symptoms when caring for their child in the early years of development. By having an understanding of autism symptoms, the chance for early prognosis and initiation of support can prove quite beneficial in the later years of the individual.

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